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Abstract
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A fast, inexpensive, environmental-friendly and efficient sample
preparation method for determination of trace amounts of Pb2+
ions in aqueous samples and humane urine is presented. Lead was
extracted using the air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction
(AALLME) technique and determined by flame atomic absorption
spectrometry (FAAS). O, O-diethyl dithiophosphoric acid was used
as a chelating agent to form a hydrophobic complex. Several
factors influencing the microextraction efficiency and the complex
formation such as extraction solvent type and its volume, pH,
concentration of the chelating agent and extraction time were
evaluated. Under optimum conditions, the calibration graph was
linear in the concentration range of 30–350 μg L−1 with
a detection limit of 8.5 μg L−1. The relative standard deviation
for six replicated measurements of 140 μg L−1 of Pb2+ was 4.07%.
Obtained enrichment factor was 25. Through combination of
AALLME with FAAS, the analytical performance of FAAS for the
detection of lead greatly improved. The accuracy of the developed
method was evaluated by the analysis of the certified reference
material and addition recovery test. The presented method was
able to analyse lead in different real samples including human
urine, wastewater and water samples with satisfactory recovery
ranged from 95% to 108%.
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