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Abstract
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Nowadays, a progressive increase in the penetration of dispersal renewable energies in electricity markets has
imposed many serious challenges such as congestion of lines, customer dissatisfaction, and disassembly of nodal
prices. To counter these problems, this article examines merchant cryogenic energy storage (CES) along with
renewable resources to relieve the congestion of distribution systems considering distribution locational marginal
pricing (DLMP). Moreover, a novel reconfiguration mechanism has been incorporated into the model to
increase the performance of CES in smoothing DLMP. The proposed problem is formulated to alleviate the
possible congestion aimed at maximizing the social welfare of the system while meeting the environmental
constraints. To deal with uncertainty subject to renewable generation, and efficient risk-constrained stochastic
programming is extended employing the conditional value-at-risk index to create a meaningful trade-off between
the expected profit and the risk of exposure to the uncertainty. In the end, the simulation was demonstrated on
the IEEE 33-bus and 118-bus distribution systems to prove the efficacy of the proposed method. The results
evidenced that the proposed approach not only alleviates the congestion of network but also can smooth the
LMPs at different locations.
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