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Abstract
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Growing demand for flexible ramp products (FRPs) to maintain the power balance in active distribution
networks (ADNs) has expanded the use of costly fast-start generators in the upstream real-time market. In
order to limit the power system’s reliance on these units, it is necessary to establish new sources for providing
ADNs with FRPs. In this context, the present paper examines the abilities of distributed energy resources (DERs)
and active loads for supplying the ramp capacity demands of ADNs. Accordingly, a local real-time market was
established in the ADN, empowering several DERs and active loads to provide the network’s FRPs demands.
The proposed market was formed in the context of a multi-period security constraint economic dispatch (SCED)
problem. Besides, the uncertainties associated with renewable generation units and load consumption in the
ADN were addressed by robust optimization. The proposed multi-period SCED problem was formulated linearly
and in two stages. The first stage specifies the optimal dispatch results for the binding interval based on
the network’s current conditions, whereas an adaptive robust SCED problem is handled in the second stage
considering future periods. The local market developed within a two-stage robust multi-period SCED problem
was then solved using a column-and-constraint generation method selected for its computational efficiency.
Finally, the proposed market was studied on the modified 33-bus distribution network. The results indicated
that DERs have sufficient capacity to support the ADN ramp capacity requirement.
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