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Abstract
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In the last decades, miniaturized sample preparation methods, including solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and liquid-phase microextraction (LPME), have been developed to solve problems related to conventional methods. These pretreatment methods have the advantages of low consumption of organic solvent, high enrichment factor, high recovery, and simplicity. However, the use of organic solvents, even at a low level, is a problem and should be resolved [1]. A unique kind of solvents so-called deep eutectic solvents (DESs) has emerged recently as a green solvents and they are considered as ionic liquids analogs. Compared with conventional ILs, DESs have many advantages over them such as easy availability of cheap and renewable components, ease of preparation, chemical inertness, and easy storage. They are chemically tailorable solvents in general, composed of two or three inexpensive and safe components, including hydrogen bond donor (HBD) and hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) molecules in a proper mole ratio [2].
In this study, a new type of ternary deep eutectic solvent has been prepared and used as extraction solvents for ultrasound-assisted emulsification-microextraction (USAEME) for the microextraction and determination of propranolol from human Saliva samples. The propranolol concentration in DES rich phase (extraction phase) was determined by spectrofluorimetry. Different parameters effective on extraction efficiency such as DES volume, pH, ultrasonication time, and salt addition effect were optimized using a multivariate approach by central composite design (CCD) in combination with the desirability function approach. The optimum conditions were found to be: pH=10.33, 117 μL DES volume, 4.25 min ultrasonication time, and 2.75 %w/v salt amount. The performance of the method was evaluated under optimum conditions, and the method exhibited good linearity, low limit of detection and quantitation, good precision, and high extraction recovery. The established method was s
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