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Abstract
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There is a growing interest in friction stir welding/processing (FSW/P) of metals and alloys because they have capacities
to overcome some problems of the conventional fusion welding processes such as large distortions, solidification
cracking, macro and micro segregations, dendritic structures, gas and shrinkage porosities, solid inclusions, color
change, formation of brittle intermetallics between dissimilar materials, wide heat affected zone (HAZ), high energy
consumption, environmental pollution, etc. On the other hand, it causes grain refinement by various deformation and
restoration mechanisms due to the presence of both strain and heat. Accordingly, efforts are underway to replace
conventional fusion processes by FSW/P in different industrial sectors with great potential.
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