Keywords
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Neuropsychological
complications, Cognitive
impairments, Neuroinvasin,
Routes of dissemination,
Cytokine storm, Coronavirus,
COVID-19
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Abstract
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Introduction: COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) was first identified in China in December
2019 and is rapidly spreading worldwide as a pandemic. Since COVID-19 causes mild to
severe acute respiratory syndrome, most studies in this context have focused on pathogenesis
primarily in the respiratory system. However, evidence shows that the central nervous system
(CNS) may also be affected by COVID-19. Since COVID-19 is spreading, it is necessary to
study its possible cognitive effects on COVID-19 patients and their recovery.
Methods: The articles used in this study were searched by keywords, such as cytokine storm
and COVID-19, COVID-19 and executive dysfunction, cognitive disorder, and COVID-19,
central nervous system (CNS) and COVID-19, coronavirus, neuroinvasion in Science Direct,
Scopus, PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases based on preferred reporting
items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) checklist. The study evaluates all
observational studies published between December 2019 and April 2021 in peer-reviewed
journals, including cross-sectional, cohort, case-control studies, case reports, and case series.
The search result was 106 articles, of which 73 articles related to COVID-19, the stages
of infection by this virus, its effect on the nervous system and neurological symptoms, the
cytokine storm caused by this infection, and the possible cognitive consequences caused by
this virus in patients, has been reviewed. Other articles were not checked due to their limited
relevance to the topic under discussion.
Results: Studies showed that neurons may be directly affected by severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-1 and SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, various studies
indicated that systemic inflammation (so-called “cytokine storm”) is also responsible for brain
damage induced by infection with SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. In such a way that these
patients showed elevated levels of interleukin (IL-), 6, 8, and 10 and of tumor necrosis fa
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