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Abstract
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The activity of ions could be determined by the ion-selective electrode (ISE) using the electrical potential of an aqueous solution. It is capable of tracking variations in ion activity over time. It can tell the difference between positively and negatively charged ions . The ISE are made up of a thin membrane that allows just the targeted ion to pass through. By diffusion mechanism, a through potential difference is created by selective binding with certain locations inside the membrane . Glass electrodes are determined by the chemical characteristics of a specified composition glass membrane . The glass electrode has a high level of sensitivity. It may be used for a variety of purposes . Where chemical inertness is critical, the glass electrode is most commonly employed . Clean and calibrating with a standardized buffer solution is simple and convenient. Conduction within the dried glass is caused by the lowest-charged cation and is unrelated to penetration by a large number of cations. pH electrodes are likely to be processed by ISEs . They are used for Cl-, K+, Na+, and others . A pH electrode, which is sensitive to the H+ ion, is a common ISE. Using pH electrodes as an example, measuring the pH of a solution is simple after proper calibration . In chemical analysis, potentiometry is a technique based on measuring the potential between two electrodes . Ionic activity in the test solution given species, a linear with a sloping factor provided by the Nernst equation (Eq. 1) . The basic equation that connects the electrode potential to the observed ion activity in the test solution
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