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Keywords
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Key Words: Bone turnovers, BMD, Electric stimulation therapy,
Exercise therapy, Osteopenia, Vitamin D
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Abstract
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of an exercise program
(EP) in combination with functional electrical stimulation (FES) on bone mass
density (BMD) and bone turnover markers (BTMs) in osteopenic
postmenopausal women. In this semi-experimental study, 45 women aged
61.25 ± 4.1 years who were classified as osteopenic (-2.5 < T-score < -1)
were divided into three groups: 1) EP + FES, 2) EP and 3) control. The EP
+ FES and EP groups participated in a combined aerobic (45-60% HRR) and
strength program for 90 minutes three times a week for 12 weeks. In the EP
+ FES group, FES with a frequency of 45 Hz and a pulse width of 300
microseconds was applied to the lumbar and hip area. Blood samples were
taken at the beginning of the study and again after 12 weeks to determine
BMDs. BMD was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA).
After 12 weeks, cross-linked type 1 collagen C-telopeptide (sCTX) (p=0.002)
and pyridinoline (PYD) (p=0.001) levels decreased significantly, while
vitamin D (p=0.002), PINP/PYD ratio (p=0,032), the ALP/PYD ratio (p=0.004)
and the ALP/CTX-1 ratio (p=0.010) increased significantly in both the
EP+FES and EP groups compared to the control group. The EP+FES group
showed a significant increase in lumbar (p=0.048) and hip BMD (p=0.038)
compared to the control group. Therefore, an exercise programme in
combination with FES is recommended as the preferred intervention to
maintain or improve bone formation, as FES has a synergistic effect on bone
health in patients with osteopenia
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