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Abstract
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Heavy metals are a group of the metallic chemical elements that have a relatively high density and atomic weight. They are toxic to humans and the environment, even at low concentrations. Industrial activities, agricultural practices are most important source of the heavy metals pollutions. Heavy metal pollution can have significant effects on human health, ecosystems, and the environment. Lead, mercury, cadmium, arsenic, and chromium are some heavy metals which can pollute an environment and ecosystems. Therefore, their toxicity stems from their ability to interfere with various biological processes and in the trace level is harm for human health and its bodies So, in this thesis graphenized pencil lead electrode will be modified with graphene quantum dots and chitosan nanocomposite for sensitive measurement of Lead(II) ions
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