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Abstract
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Heavy metals like lead and mercury pose a severe threat to environmental and human health due to their persistent toxicity and ability to disrupt biological processes, creating an urgent need for advanced detection methods. In response, graphite-based electrodes have emerged as a promising platform, whose performance is significantly enhanced through activation and graphenization. Activation improves surface properties and electron transfer by introducing functional groups and defects, while graphenization restructures the material into a highly conductive graphene-like framework. Together, these processes create a synergistic effect, resulting in sensors with the superior sensitivity, selectivity, and stability required for the simple, fast, and reliable monitoring of heavy metals at trace levels.
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