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Abstract
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Toxic heavy metals such as lead, mercury, and cadmium require highly sensitive and accurate analytical methods for detection due to their significant toxicity and detrimental effects on human health and the environment. Chronocoulometry serves as a powerful electrochemical technique that enables the quantitative analysis of these pollutants at nanomolar levels by measuring charge variation over time with high sensitivity. To enhance this method's performance, graphene - with its exceptional specific surface area and superior electrical conductivity - is incorporated into electrodes. This integration not only increases the density of active sites for selective adsorption of metal ions but also enhances electron transfer rates and amplifies the analytical signal, resulting in lower detection limits, higher accuracy, and superior analytical performance for measuring heavy metals like cadmium.
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