مشخصات پژوهش

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia resulting from insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. It represents one of the most significant global public health challenges due to its rapidly increasing prevalence and its association with serious microvascular and macrovascular complications, including cardiovascular disease, nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy . Beyond glucose dysregulation, T2DM is now widely recognized as a state of chronic low-grade systemic inflammation. Inflammatory mediators contribute to insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, β-cell failure, and accelerated atherosclerosis. Conventional biochemical parameters such as fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, and lipid profile provide information about glycemic control and metabolic status; however, they do not adequately reflect the inflammatory burden underlying disease progression . Recent research has highlighted the importance of cytokines and chemokines as potential biomarkers that link inflammation with metabolic dysfunction. Among these, fractalkine (CX3CL1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) have attracted increasing attention due to their roles in immune activation, endothelial injury, and insulin resistance. However, their clinical significance as circulating biomarkers in patients with T2DM remains incompletely understood, particularly in local populations .