مشخصات پژوهش

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a global health challenge characterized by insulin resistance and impaired glucose metabolism. the microvascular complications play a pivotal role, contributing substantially to morbidity and mortality in individuals with T2DM [1]. Several factors have been identified as risk factors for microvascular complications in T2DM patients. These include longer diabetes duration, the presence of hypertension and dyslipidemia, and insulin use. Early detection and intervention can help reduce complications and improve patient outcomes [2]. Leptin and adiponectin, adipokines from fat tissue, have opposing roles in Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM); typically, high leptin & low adiponectin levels indicate increased insulin resistance (IR) & T2DM risk, while high adiponectin & lower leptin levels are protective, with the Leptin/Adiponectin (L/A) ratio being a strong indicator of adipose dysfunction and diabetes risk, especially in obesity. Adiponectin boosts insulin sensitivity, while high leptin (often from obesity) signals resistance, creating a harmful imbalance that accelerates T2DM progression [3].