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Abstract
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In recent decades, the extensive use of chemical pesticides, especially organophosphorus compounds, has become one of the major environmental and public health concerns worldwide. Although these compounds are highly effective in pest control, their relative persistence, high toxicity, and bioaccumulation potential can lead to the contamination of water resources, soil, and agricultural products, posing serious risks to ecosystems and human health . Iraq, as one of the agriculturally active countries in the Middle East, widely employs organophosphorus pesticides such as Diazinon, Chlorpyrifos, Phosalone, and Malathion. Therefore, monitoring the residual levels of these pesticides in Iraqi agricultural products is of great importance. For detecting these pesticides at trace levels, a sample extraction and pre-concentration step is required prior to instrumental analysis. Conventional extraction methods, such as liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) or solid-phase extraction (SPE), are often time-consuming, solvent-intensive, and sometimes environmentally unfriendly. Consequently, the development of green, efficient, and reusable adsorbents based on natural polymers and nanostructured materials has recently attracted significant attention as a sustainable alternative . Among these materials, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as promising adsorbents due to their high specific surface area, tunable porosity, and diverse functional sites, which enable efficient adsorption and separation of organic and inorganic pollutants . Particularly, UiO-66, a zirconium-based MOF, has gained interest because of its exceptional thermal and chemical stability, non-toxicity, and environmental compatibility. On the other hand, guar gum, a natural polysaccharide derived from the endosperm of cyamopsis tetragonoloba, is biodegradable, non-toxic, and has excellent film-forming and gelation properties, making it an ideal biopolymer matrix for fabricating hybrid nanocomposites .
The combin
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