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Abstract
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Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents a major and growing global public health challenge, characterized by a progressive and irreversible decline in renal function that ultimately leads to end-stage kidney disease, cardiovascular complications, and increased mortality. The burden of CKD continues to rise worldwide, particularly in developing countries, where late diagnosis and limited access to specialized care contribute to poor clinical outcomes . Conventional assessment of CKD relies primarily on serum creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and albuminuria. Although these parameters are widely used in clinical practice, they have important limitations. Serum creatinine levels may remain within the normal range until a significant proportion of renal function is lost, and they do not adequately reflect inflammatory activity, immune activation, or early tubular injury. Consequently, there is increasing interest in identifying sensitive biochemical biomarkers that better reflect the underlying pathophysiological processes involved in CKD progression . Inflammation plays a central role in the initiation and progression of CKD. Persistent low-grade inflammation contributes to glomerulosclerosis, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, endothelial dysfunction, and accelerated cardiovascular disease in CKD patients. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and immune-related molecules are increasingly recognized as key mediators linking renal injury to systemic complications.
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