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Abstract
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The growing complexity of modern energy systems, driven by the widespread integration of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs), poses substantial challenges in ensuring reliable, efficient, and cost-effective energy management. Traditional centralized energy systems, which rely on large-scale power plants and transmission networks, are ill-suited for managing the highly variable and decentralized nature of DERs. As more households, businesses, and industries adopt renewable energy technologies, managing the generation, storage, and consumption of energy at a local level becomes increasingly difficult.
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