مشخصات پژوهش

Based on Padmanabhan’s proposal, the acceler- ated expansion of the universe can be driven by the difference between the surface and bulk degrees of freedom in a region of space, described by the relation d V / d t = N sur − N bulk where N sur and N bulk =− N em + N de are the degrees of freedom assigned to the surface area and the matter–energy content inside the bulk such that the indices “em” and “de” represent energy-momentum and dark energy, respectively. In the present work, the dynamical effect of the Weyssen- hoff perfect fluid with intrinsic spin and its corresponding spin degrees of freedom in the framework of Einstein–Cartan (EC) theory are investigated. Based on the modification of Friedmann equations due to the spin–spin interactions, a cor- rection term for Padmanabhan’s original relation d V / d t = N sur + N em − N de including the number of degrees of freedom related with these spin interactions is obtained through the modification in N bulk term as N bulk =− N em + N spin + N de leading to d V / d t = N sur + N em − N spin − N de in which N spin is the corresponding degrees of freedom related with the intrinsic spin of the matter content of the universe. Moreover, the validity of the unified first law and the generalized second law of thermodynamics for the Einstein–Cartan cosmos are investigated. Finally, by considering the covariant entropy conjecture and the bound resulting from the emergent sce- nario, a total entropy bound is obtained. Using this bound, it is shown that the for the universe as an expanding ther- modynamical system, the total effective Komar energy never exceeds the square of the expansion rate with a factor of 3 4 π .