مشخصات پژوهش

Blood and urine are very useful biological matrices in clinical and forensic toxicology due to their importance for assessing short-term and recent exposure to drugs, respectively [1]. Morphine is a strong opioid used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain. Its use is, however, associated with adverse effects including sedation, nausea, constipation, respiratory depression, and development of tolerance as well as dependence [2]. Plasma morphine concentrations usually range between only 7-100 nM. However, higher concentrations of up to 1 μM have been reported for patients with advanced cancer [3]. Codeine is widely used for the treatment of cough and moderate pain too, so their presence in biological fluids must be often assessed and may be correlated to heroin abuse, particularly in the case of morphine [4]. For this reason, a rapid, simple and sensitive magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) method for the extraction and quantification of the morphine and codeine from biological fluids using high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection (HPLC/UV) was developed and validated. The Fe3O4/rGO/Ag was synthesized, characterized and used for sample treatment. Nano-magnetic composite morphological and properties were characterized by XRD, FTIR and SEM. The optimizing of the parameters, interaction effect of variables, individually and their interaction effects on the extraction process was evaluated by employing a central composite design. The optimized conditions show the constructed calibration curves are linear in the concentration range of 0.01‒10 μg L−1 for morphine and codeine with a correlation coefficient of 0.9983 and 0.9976, respectively. The detection limits and quantification limits for morphine and codeine are 0.18, 0.21 μg L−1 and 0.61, 0.72 μg L−1, respectively. The morphine and codeine recoveries from different samples (human plasma and urine) are between 97.0 and 102.5 % with relative standard deviations of 1.02–5.10 %.