مشخصات پژوهش

This research examines the themes of superiority and inferiority in Ernest Hemingway's major works (The Old Man and the Sea, A Farewell to Arms, and For Whom the Bell Tolls) through Alfred Adler's framework of Individual Psychology. It highlights how feelings of inadequacy influence the actions, relationships, and identities of Hemingway’s characters, showcasing their struggles with resilience, self-worth, and societal expectations. By bridging the fields of psychology and literature, the study offers valuable insights into human motivations and behavior while emphasizing literature’s role in reflecting psychological complexities and fostering empathy. This interdisciplinary approach not only deepens the understanding of Hemingway’s characters but also provides broader applications in contemporary psychological practices and therapeutic discourse. The research adopts a qualitative methodology, combining close textual analysis and thematic analysis to explore recurring psychological and identity-related themes. Through Adlerian concepts, it examines how characters' internal conflicts manifest in their decisions and relationships, shedding light on their emotional landscapes. The findings underscore the interplay between individual aspirations and societal pressures, offering a profound understanding of how psychological dynamics shape character development and narrative structure. This innovative perspective enriches both literary and psychological fields, emphasizing the timeless relevance of Hemingway's exploration of human experience.