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Language and culture are inherently intertwined and cannot exist without one another. According to Aixlea (1996), everything, including language itself, is fundamentally culture-specific. Likewise, Bassnett (2014) likens language to the heart within the body of culture. As Venuti (1998) argues, translation, as a language-related practice, wields significant power in representing foreign cultures. It plays a crucial role in facilitating cross-cultural communication, especially in audiovisual media, where language and image converge to create meaning. In audiovisual media, translated content has the potential to offer unique insights into represented languages and cultures, adding deeper layers of meaning and forming new connections that may be subtle or absent in the original materials (Ranzato & Zanotti, 2018). In this media-dominated world, subtitling has become a key professional practice in audiovisual translation, with its own standards and challenges. By making audiovisual content accessible to global audiences, subtitling holds significant importance in people’s daily lives, surrounded by screens of all shapes and sizes, which in turn raises essential research questions (Cintas & Remael, 2020). Among the many challenges of subtitling, translating extralinguistic cultural references (ECRs) poses a particular difficulty due to their cultural specificity. ECR is defined as “a reference that is attempted by means of any cultural linguistic expression, which refers to an extralinguistic entity or process” (Pedersen, 2011, p. 43). Translating these items can be especially challenging when they are unfamiliar to the target audience (Szarkowska & Jankowska, 2024). Consequently, translators must possess cultural sensitivity, communication skills, and linguistic proficiency to bridge cultural gaps effectively (Katan & Taibi, 2021). Outward translation, the process of translating works from the source language for global audiences, extends this challenge further by requi