مشخصات پژوهش

The need for simple, rapid, and cost-effective analytical methods for the determination of toxic metals such as lead in environmental and biological samples is both critical and growing. Conventional methods, which rely on sophisticated and expensive laboratory instruments, are not suitable for on-site analysis or for use in resource-limited settings. The proposed method directly addresses this gap by combining the synergistic power of two innovative approaches. First, it employs air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction (AALLME) as a green sample preparation technique that minimizes the use of toxic organic solvents while improving preconcentration efficiency by eliminating the need for a disperser solvent. Second, this efficient extraction is seamlessly integrated with a smartphone-based detection system, replacing costly and complex hardware with a widely available device. This innovative combination enables simple and low-cost analysis, effectively democratizing environmental monitoring.