مشخصات پژوهش

This study aims to identify critical factors affecting the security of stadiums and introduce a proper model. Semi-structured interviews with a Delphi panel (n = 12) were conducted and the themes that emerged formed the basis of the survey instrument. The subsequent survey of key informed participants (n = 144), revealed that infrastructure have the greatest impact on the security of the stadiums followed by stadium physical protection, personnel, and game management in order of priority. It can be concluded that stadium design and technological measures, as well as proper methods of stadium physical protection are critical in improving stadiums’ security levels. In addition, trained personnel and the credentialing thereof can improve the efficiency of crowd management and stadium physical protection. Finally, match-day proper management can minimize crowd violence and facilitate security for attendees.