مشخصات پژوهش

The study of integral equations, particularly Volterra delay integral equations of the third kind, plays a vital role in the mathematical modeling of complex dynamical systems. Such equations arise naturally in diverse fields including viscoelasticity, population dynamics, control theory, epidemiology, and engineering processes where delayed responses and integral constraints are present. Because of the inherent complexity of third-kind equations—where both the solution and its derivatives appear inside integral operators with delayed arguments—obtaining accurate and stable numerical solutions remains a significant challenge. ‎‎‎ ‎